Contextual factors in understanding the jumping performance of young football goalkeepers

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of various contextual factors, such as relative age, biological maturation, or competitive level, on the jumping performance of young football goalkeepers. Vertical jump performance was evaluated in a selection of goalkeepers (n = 110) from U-14 and U-16 category teams. The sample was categorized by relative age, biological maturation, and competitive level. The results revealed a trend in the overall sample towards an overrepresentation of goalkeepers born in the early months of the year. Maturity status influenced the most in jumping performance of young goalkeepers (SJ: F = 11.27, p < .001, ηp2 = 0.187; CMJ: F = 8.72, p < .001, ηp2 = 0.162; AJ: F = 8.37, p < .001, ηp2 = 0.146), while the birth quartile had no effect on the jumping performance in the sample. Statistical differences were significant for SJ and CMJ between competitive level groups in the U-14 group only. (F = 5.37, p = .008, ηp2 = 0.186) and CMJ (F = 4.54, p = .016, ηp2 = 0.159). This study showed a greater association between maturation and jumping performance in young football goalkeepers rather than with relative age, which could influence the selection process in this field position at early ages. (AU)

Efectos de un protocolo de entrenamiento excéntrico sobre el rendimiento de velocidad en adolescentes de Chile / Effects of an Eccentric Training Protocol on Speed Performance in Chilean Adolescents

Resumen Introducción: Los beneficios del entrenamiento de fuerza sobre la velocidad de carrera han sido descritos en la bibliografía especializada, sin embargo, la evidencia sobre la influencia de estímulos específicos, basados en contracciones excéntricas sobre la musculatura extensora de cadera, no han sido demostrados. Objetivo: Determinar los efectos de un protocolo de entrenamiento basado en contracciones excéntricas (curl nórdico) sobre la velocidad de carrera en 20 metros en adolescentes de la región de Ñuble, Chile. Metodología: 42 individuos escolares fueron divididos en grupo experimental (n=22) y grupo control (n=20). El entrenamiento se desarrolló durante 6 semanas, con una frecuencia de 2 sesiones/semana, pasando de un volumen de 8 a 32 repeticiones de curl nórdico por sesión para el grupo experimental. El rendimiento de velocidad fue evaluado en 20 metros. La prueba T de Student fue utilizada para comparar los resultados pre y post intervención y se calculó el tamaño del efecto (TE). Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05) a partir de la intervención en el grupo experimental (pre= 3,43 s. vs post= 3,15 s.), y un TE grande (1,04). Conclusión: Se concluye que el entrenamiento excéntrico basado en la aplicación de Curl nórdico, mejora el rendimiento de la velocidad de carrera.

Abstract Introduction: The specialized literature has described the benefits of strength training on running speed. In the same way, stimulation of training based on eccentric contractions has been shown to be effective in improving this quality. Objective: To determine the effects of a training protocol based on the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) and another on eccentric contractions (Nordic curl) on the running speed in 20 meters in adolescents from the Ñuble Region, Chile. Methodology: 42 school subjects were divided into experimental group (n = 22) and control group (n = 20). The training was developed for 6 weeks, with a frequency of 2 sessions/week, going from a volume of 8 to 32 repetitions of Nordic curl per session for the experimental group. The speed performance was evaluated in 20 meters. With photocells, the T Student's was applied to compare the pre- and post-intervention results, and the effect size (ES) was calculated. Results: Statistically significant differences were found (p <0.05) from the intervention in the experimental group (pre= 3,43 s. vs post= 3,15 s.), and a large ES (1,04). Conclusion: It is concluded that the eccentric training based on the application of Nordic Curl improves the performance of the running speed.

Resumo Introdução: Os benefícios do treinamento de força na velocidade de corrida foram descritos na literatura especializada, no entanto, não foram demonstradas evidências sobre a influência de estímulos específicos, baseados em contrações excêntricas na musculatura extensora do quadril. Objetivo: Determinar os efeitos de um protocolo de treinamento baseado em contrações excêntricas (cacho nórdico) em velocidade de corrida de 20 m em adolescentes da região do Ñuble, Chile. Metodologia: 42 escolares foram divididos em um grupo experimental (n=22) e um grupo controle (n=20). O treino foi desenvolvido durante 6 semanas, com uma frequência de 2 sessões/semana, passando de um volume de 8 para 32 repetições de ondulação nórdica por sessão para o grupo experimental. O desempenho da velocidade foi avaliado acima de 20 metros. O teste T de Student foi usado para comparar os resultados pré e pós-intervenção e o tamanho do efeito (TE) foi calculado. Resultados: Foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) da intervenção no grupo experimental (pré= 3,43 s. vs pós= 3,15 s.), e um TE grande (1,04). Conclusão: Conclui-se que o treinamento excêntrico baseado na aplicação do Curl nórdico melhora o desempenho da velocidade de corrida.

The 180/20 intermittent athletic test: A new intermittent track test to assess the maximal aerobic speed in middle-distance runners / El test atlético intermitente 180/20: Una nueva prueba de pista intermitente para evaluar la velocidad aeróbica máxima en los corredores de media distancia / O teste atlético intermitente 180/20: Um novo teste intermitente de pista para avaliar a velocidade aeróbia máxima nos corredores de meia distância

Objective: The training of middle-distance runners is based on intermittent exercises. However, no study has proposed intermittent test to assess endurance performance for middle-distance athletes. The aims of the present study are 1) to develop a new specific testing for middle-distance runners entitled the 180/20 intermittent athletic test and to examine the validity of this test as compared to a standard continuous test 2) to check whether the maximal aerobic speed obtained from the180/20intermittent athletic test is related to the 800-m performance. Methods: Nineteen male middle-distance runners (age: 21.3 ± 2.2 years, height: 1.75 ± 0.04 m, and body mass: 68.8 ± 3.8 kg) performed in a random order three field-tests: a standard test, the 180/20intermittent athletic test and 800-m time-trial. The new test consisted of repeated 180m distance runs interspersed with 20m of active recovery performed until exhaustion. The speed is increased by 0.5 km.h-1 every 200 m. Results: The results of this study showed the maximal aerobic speed achieved during the new test was significantly correlated to the maximal aerobic speed determined from a standard test (r=0.82, p<0.05) with low agreement limits (-1.69–1.48km.h-1) without systematic bias (-0.10km.h-1).The maximal aerobic speed in new test was better correlated to the 800-m running performance than the maximal aerobic speed achieved during a standard test(r=-0.78 and r=-0.66, respectively). Conclusions: The 180/20intermittent athletic testis a valid test for scheduling intermittent training sessions in middle-distance runners.(AU)

Objetivo: El entrenamiento de los corredores de media distancia se basa en ejercicios intermitentes. Sin embargo, ningún estudio ha propuesto pruebas intermitentes para evaluar el rendimiento de resistencia para atletas de media distancia. Los objetivos del presente estudio son 1) desarrollar una nueva prueba específica para corredores de media distancia denominada prueba atlética intermitente 180/20 y examinar la validez de esta prueba en comparación con una prueba continua estándar 2) verificar si el máximo la velocidad aeróbica obtenida de la prueba atlética intermitente 180/20 está relacionada con el rendimiento de 800 m. Método: Diecinueve corredores de media distancia masculinos (edad: 21,3 ± 2,2 años, altura: 1,75 ± 0,04 m y masa corporal: 68,8 ± 3,8 kg) realizaron en orden aleatorio tres pruebas de campo: una prueba estándar, la prueba intermitente 180/20 prueba atlética y contrarreloj de 800 m. La nueva prueba consistió en recorridos repetidos de 180 m intercalados con 20 m de recuperación activa realizados hasta el agotamiento. La velocidad se incrementa en 0,5 km.h-1 cada 200 m. Resultados: Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que la velocidad aeróbica máxima alcanzada durante el nuevo test se correlacionó significativamente con la velocidad aeróbica máxima determinada a partir de un test estándar (r=0,82, p<0,05) con límites de concordancia bajos (-1,69–1,48 km. h-1) sin sesgo sistemático (-0,10 km.h-1). La velocidad aeróbica máxima en la nueva prueba se correlacionó mejor con el rendimiento de carrera de 800 m que la velocidad aeróbica máxima alcanzada durante una prueba estándar (r = -0,78 y r=-0,66, respectivamente). Conclusiones: El test atlético intermitente 180/20 es un test válido para la programación de entrenamientos intermitentes en corredores de media distancia.(AU)

Objetivo: O treinamento de corredores de meio-fundo é baseado em exercícios intermitentes. No entanto, nenhum estudo propôs teste intermitente para avaliar o desempenho de resistência para atletas de meia-distância. Os objetivos do presente estudo são 1) desenvolver um novo teste específico para corredores de meio-fundo intitulado teste atlético intermitente 180/20 e examinar a validade deste teste em comparação com um teste contínuo padrão 2) verificar se o a velocidade aeróbia obtida no teste atlético intermitente de 180/20 está relacionada ao desempenho de 800 m. Métodos: Dezenove corredores de meio-fundo do sexo masculino (idade: 21,3 ± 2,2 anos, estatura: 1,75 ± 0,04 m e massa corporal: 68,8 ± 3,8 kg) realizaram em ordem aleatória três testes de campo: um teste padrão, o teste intermitente 180/20 teste atlético e contra-relógio de 800 m. O novo teste consistiu em corridas repetidas de 180m intercaladas com 20m de recuperação ativa realizada até a exaustão. A velocidade é aumentada em 0,5 km.h-1 a cada 200 m. Resultados: Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que a velocidade aeróbia máxima alcançada durante o novo teste foi significativamente correlacionada com a velocidade aeróbica máxima determinada a partir de um teste padrão (r=0,82, p<0,05) com limites de concordância baixos (-1,69–1,48km. h-1) sem viés sistemático (-0,10km.h-1). A velocidade aeróbica máxima em novo teste foi melhor correlacionada com o desempenho de corrida de 800 m do que a velocidade aeróbia máxima alcançada durante um teste padrão (r=-0,78 e r=-0,66, respectivamente). Conclusões: O teste atlético intermitente 180/20 é um teste válido para o agendamento de sessões de treinamento intermitente em corredores de meio-fundo.(AU)

Comparación de velocidad lineal y fuerza en miembros superiores entre deportistas no paralímpicos y paralímpicos con lesión medular / Comparison of linear speed and upper limb strength between non-paralympic and paralympic athletes with spinal cord injury

El rendimiento deportivo considera factores relacionados con el éxito en la ejecución del gesto, como la fuerza y la velocidad, que pueden influir notablemente en la competencia. Dado que los deportistas paralímpicos realizan compensaciones en su práctica deportiva, se requiere evidencia científica que facilite la iniciación y el desempeño de la destreza y habilidad, así como el fundamento de la normativa. Objetivo Describir la velocidad lineal y la fuerza en el miembro superior de deportistas convencionales y paralímpicos con lesión medular. Materiales y método Estudio descriptivo transversal, en el que participaron 25 deportistas entre 18 y 44 años, con un mínimo de un año de entrenamiento, una vez por semana, sin lesiones asociadas, pertenecientes a Indervalle y a la Escuela Nacional del Deporte de Cali, que fueron valorados con dinamometría y cuantificación cinemática 3D usando cámaras optoelectrónicas QUALISYS. El análisis consideró medidas de tendencia central, Shapiro-Wilk, pruebas t de Student y Wilcoxon, a través de SPSS v. 21. Este es un estudio de mínimo riesgo en el cual se consideraron las normas del Comité de Ética institucional. Resultados Se evidenció que el peso e índice de masa corporal en mujeres y hombres paralímpicos supera al de no paralímpicos en 7,6kg y 5,9kg/m2, respectivamente, el tiempo de entreno en deportistas paralímpicos supera a los no paralímpicos en unas 5 h, existe diferencia significativa (p=0) en la fuerza entre hombres y mujeres no paralímpicas y también existe diferencia (p=0) en la velocidad lineal fase 1 de la mano izquierda entre no paralímpicos y paralímpicos. Conclusiones Existen diferencias entre deportistas no paralímpicos y paralímpicos en velocidad lineal de movimiento de la mano izquierda durante la preparación. Respecto a la fuerza y velocidad entre deportistas paralímpicos, no se presentaron diferencias significativas; sin embargo, sí la hubo en la fuerza entre los deportistas no paralímpicos (AU)

Sports performance covers factors related to success in the execution of a gesture, such as strength and speed that can be of significant influence in competition. Paralympic athletes are those who make compensations to their sports practice. Scientific evidence is required to facilitate the initiation and performance of skill and ability, as well as to support the regulations. Objective To describe the lineal velocity and strength in the upper limbs of non-paralympic and paralympic athletes with spinal injury. Materials and method Cross-sectional descriptive study, involving 25 athletes, between 18 and 44 years, with minimum one year of training, once a week, without associated injuries; belonging to Indervalle and the National School of Sport of Cali; assessed with dynamometry, 3D kinematic quantification using optoelectronic cameras QUALISYS. The analysis considered measures of central tendency, Shapiro-Wilk, Student's T and Wilcoxon tests, using SPSS v. 21. A minimum risk study that considered the institutional Ethics Committee standards. Results It was shown that weight and body mass index in paralympic women and men exceeds non-paralympic weight by 7.6kg and 5.9kg/m2 respectively, the training time in paralympic athletes exceeds that of non-paralympic athletes by approximately 5hours, there is a significant difference (P=.00) in strength between non-paralympic men and women, there is also a difference (P=.00) in lineal velocity phase 1, left hand, between the non-paralympic and paralympic athletes. Conclusions There are differences between non-paralympic and paralympic athletes in lineal speed of left-hand movement during preparation of the same. Regarding strength and speed between paralympic athletes, there were no significant differences, however, there were significant differences between the non-paralympic athletes (AU)

Investigating Tactics Characteristics of Mass-Start Event of Speed Skating in Pyeongchang Winter Olympics / Investigación de las características tácticas del evento de inicio masivo de patinaje de velocidad en los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno de Pyeongchang

The mass start event is the longest cross-country skiing event added first time in the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics held in 2018. This study aimed to highlight tactics characteristics of the event by making a statistical analysis of the points and competition results of athletes who participated in this event in the Pyeongchang Winter Olympics. For this purpose, the ranks, points, lap time, and final results of 16 male and 16 female athletes were taken as research objects in the final mass-start event of speed skating of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics. The speed and speed coefficient of this segment were calculated by Pearson correlation analysis applying the Origin 9.4 software for nonlinear curve fitting. The results showed that athletes adopted different speed pacing strategies in each race. The analysis was based on a comparison of points and speed rhythms of different rounds. This enabled to identify and optimize tactics that might improve the probability of winning the event. This study contributes significantly with both theoretical and practical implications. The study findings specify such optimization tactics to provide a theoretical basis for sports practices as well as giving practical insights important to practitioners and sports officials. The study recommends that physical fitness should be strengthened to ensure athletes' speed endurance in speed-skating; teammates should work together tactically to get rid of the impact caused by physical exertion, and a training platform should be built to train athletes.(AU)

Analysis of athletes' running ability data mining algorithm based on the dynamic characteristics of football players / Análise do algoritmo de mineração de dados da capacidade de corrida de atletas com base nas características dinâmicas dos jogadores de futebol / Análisis del algoritmo de minería de la capacidad de correr de los jugadores de fútbol basado en las características dinámicas de los jugadores de fútbol

ABSTRACT In 2008, our country successfully held the Olympic Games, where China won the most gold medals. After these Olympic Games, China has also become a world sports power. Our country's table tennis, diving, skating and other sports are also in the leading ranks in the world. In this study, according to the current training status of Chinese football players, we used data mining algorithm to analyze the unawareness of acceleration and speed of Chinese athletes in the running process. In this study, these indicators were quantified and analyzed, which has successfully promoted the training level of Chinese football players.

RESUMO Em 2008, nosso país sediou os Jogos Olímpicos, em que a China ganhou a maior parte das medalhas de ouro. Após os Jogos Olímpicos, a China também se tornou uma potência esportiva mundial. O tênis de mesa, o salto ornamental, a patinação e outros esportes também estão em posições de liderança. Neste estudo, de acordo com o atual estado de treinamento dos jogadores de futebol chineses, usamos o algoritmo de mineração de dados para analisar a falta de aceleração e velocidade dos atletas chineses na corrida. No estudo, esses indicadores foram quantificados e analisados, elevando o nível do treinamento os jogadores de futebol chineses.

RESUMEN En 2008, China celebró con éxito los Juegos Olímpicos.China ganó la mayoría de las medallas de oro en los Juegos Olímpicos.Después de los Juegos Olímpicos, China también se ha convertido en una potencia deportiva mundial.El tenis de mesa, el buceo y el patinaje sobre hielo en China también están en la posición de liderazgo en el mundo.De acuerdo con la situación actual del entrenamiento de los jugadores de Fútbol en nuestro país, este trabajo analiza la falta de percepción de la aceleración y velocidad de los jugadores de Fútbol en el proceso de correr con el algoritmo de minería.Y en los resultados de la investigación, el análisis cuantitativo de estos indicadores ha mejorado con éxito el nivel de entrenamiento de los jugadores de fútbol chinos.

Acute effect of speed test on the skin temperature of elite soccer players / Efeito agudo do teste de velocidade sobre a temperatura da pele de jogadoras de futebol de elite / Efecto agudo del test de velocidad sobre la temperatura de la piel de jugadoras de fútbol de élite

ABSTRACT Introduction Infrared thermography has been used in several areas, mainly in sports training, and specifically in soccer. Objectives The objectives of the study were to verify the acute effect of a displacement speed test on the skin temperature of elite female soccer players, to observe pre- and post-test thermal asymmetries, and to compare responses in the anterior and posterior regions of lower limbs. Methods Cross-sectional study that evaluated 17 soccer players of the 2018 Brazilian Championship. They were submitted to thermography before and 10 minutes after performing the displacement speed test. Thermographic images were collected using a FLIR® model 8 thermal imager and changes in skin temperature in the anterior and posterior regions of the lower limbs were analyzed, according to the areas of interest. Descriptive statistics were performed and mean and standard deviation of the temperatures of the areas of interest were analyzed. The normality of the data was verified, and then the Student's t test for normal paired and independent samples and the Mann-Whitney test for non-normal samples were conducted, with p <0.05 being adopted for significance level. Results It was possible to observe that after the test there was an increase in skin temperature in all the regions analyzed, both on the dominant and non-dominant sides (p <0.05). Regarding the analysis of the anterior region, it was possible to observe a higher temperature (p <0.05) in the region of the tibial muscles than in the region of the quadriceps muscles. Conclusion It is concluded that thermography helps to understand the thermal responses of lower limbs after applying the displacement speed test. The study shows that thermographic evaluation can guide the organization of the training session when motor tests have previously been applied, and in the detection of abnormal overloads, helping to prevent injuries. Level of evidence IV; Therapeutic studies - Investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução A termografia infravermelha tem sido empregada em diversas áreas, principalmente no treinamento esportivo e especificamente no futebol. Objetivos Os objetivos do estudo foram verificar o efeito agudo da aplicação de um teste de velocidade de deslocamento sobre a temperatura da pele de atletas de futebol feminino de elite, as assimetrias térmicas pré e pós-teste e comparar respostas nas regiões anterior e posterior de membros inferiores. Métodos Estudo de caráter transversal, que avaliou 17 jogadoras de futebol do Campeonato Brasileiro em 2018. Elas foram submetidas à termografia antes e 10 minutos depois da realização do teste de velocidade de deslocamento. Foram coletadas imagens termográficas por meio de um termovisor FLIR®, modelo E8, e analisadas as alterações da temperatura da pele, na região anterior e posterior dos membros inferiores, de acordo com as áreas de interesse. Foi realizada a estatística descritiva e para análise, foram usados média e desvio padrão da temperatura das áreas pretendidas. Verificou-se normalidade dos dados e, em seguida, o teste t de Student para amostras normais pareadas e independentes e o teste de Mann-Whitney, para amostras não normais, adotando-se p < 0,05 para nível de significância. Resultados Foi possível observar que depois do teste houve aumento da temperatura da pele em todas as regiões analisadas, tanto no lado dominante quanto no não dominante (p < 0,05). Com relação à análise da região anterior, foi possível observar maior temperatura (p < 0,05) na região dos músculos tibiais quando comparados com os músculos da região do quadríceps. Conclusão Conclui-se que a termografia auxilia o entendimento das respostas térmicas de membros inferiores depois da aplicação do teste de velocidade de deslocamento. O estudo demonstra que a avaliação termográfica pode orientar a organização da sessão de treinamento quando há aplicação prévia de testes motores e na detecção de sobrecargas anormais, auxiliando na prevenção de lesões. Nível de evidência IV; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción La termografía infrarroja ha sido empleada en diversas áreas, principalmente en el entrenamiento deportivo y específicamente en el fútbol. Objetivos Los objetivos del estudio fueron verificar el efecto agudo de la aplicación de un test de velocidad de desplazamiento sobre la temperatura de la piel de atletas de fútbol femenino de élite, las asimetrías térmicas pre y post test y comparar respuestas en las regiones anterior y posterior de miembros inferiores. Métodos Estudio de carácter transversal, que evaluó a 17 jugadoras de fútbol del Campeonato Brasileño en 2018. Ellas fueron sometidas a termografía antes y 10 minutos después de la realización del test de velocidad de desplazamiento. Fueron colectadas imágenes termográficas por medio de un termovisor FLIR® - E8, modelo E8, y analizadas las alteraciones de la temperatura de la piel, en la región anterior y posterior de los miembros inferiores, de acuerdo con las áreas de interés. Fue realizada la estadística descriptiva y para el análisis, fueron usados promedio y desviación estándar de la temperatura de las áreas pretendidas. Se verificó normalidad de los datos y, a continuación, el test t de Student para muestras normales pareadas e independientes, y el test de Mann-Whitney, para muestras no normales, adoptándose p < 0,05 para nivel de significancia. Resultados Fue posible observar que después del test hubo aumento de la temperatura de la piel en todas las regiones analizadas, tanto en el lado dominante como en el no dominante (p <0,05). Con relación al análisis de la región anterior, fue posible observar mayor temperatura (p <0,05) en la región de los músculos tibiales cuando comparados con los músculos de la región del cuádriceps. Conclusión Se concluye que la termografía ayuda en el entendimiento de las respuestas térmicas de miembros inferiores, después de la aplicación del test de velocidad de desplazamiento. El estudio demuestra que la evaluación termográfica puede orientar la organización de la sesión de entrenamiento cuando hay aplicación previa de tests motores y en la detección de sobrecargas anormales, ayudando en la prevención de lesiones. Nivel de evidencia IV; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Association between anthropometric and physical data of university soccer players from different positions / Associação entre dados antropométricos e físicos de jogadores universitários de futebol de diferentes posições

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to check if there is an association between fitness performance variables and to analyze the variation of fitness levels between playing positions university soccer players. Twenty university soccer players were selected (20.95 ± 1.84 years; 71.60 ± 11.65 kg; 176.85 ± 7.28 m) divided into defenders, midfielders and attackers. Body composition was assessed in a cross-sectional analysis that correlated fat mass, lean mass and fat-free mass by DXA with the physical capacity tests. The main results of the present study revealed that both 10-m and 20-m accelerations had moderate-to-large correlations with agility tests across the playing positions, however these accelerations were largely inversely correlated with YoYo intermittent recovery test in defenders and largely positively in midfielders. The agility test was moderately correlated with YoYo intermittent recovery test across the different playing positions. In conclusion, there the acceleration and the agility had a positive association with the different positions of the soccer players.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se existe associção entre as variáveis de desempenho físico e analisar a variação dos níveis de aptidão física entre as posições de jogador de futebol universitário. Foram selecionados 20 jogadores de futebol universitário (20,95 ± 1,84 anos; 71,60 ± 11,65 kg; 176,85 ± 7,28 m) divididos em zagueiros, meio-campistas e atacantes. Mensurou-se a composição corporal em uma análise transversal e correlacionou-se a massa gorda, massa magra e massa livre de gordura por meio do DXA com os testes de capacidade física. As principais evidências do presente estudo revelaram que as acelerações de 10 e 20 m tiveram correlações de moderada a grande com o teste de agilidade nas posições de jogo, porém essas acelerações foram inversamente correlacionadas com o teste de recuperação intermitente nos defensores e amplamente positiva nos meio-campistas. O teste de agilidade foi moderadamente correlacionado com o teste de recuperação intermitente YoYo nas diferentes posições de jogo. Em conclusão, a aceleração e a agilidade tiveram uma associação positiva com as diferentes posições dos jogadores de futebol.

Effectiveness of a power-training block with two cluster set configurations in recreationally trained young adults on sprint performance / Eficacia del entrenamiento de potencia en bloque utilizando dos configuraciones de conglomerados en jóvenes adultos aficionados entrenados, sobre el rendimiento en el Sprint / Eficácia do treinamento de potência em bloco utilizando duas configurações de cluster set em jovens adultos recreacionalmente treinados sobre desempenho de Sprint

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a three-week power-training block with two different cluster set configurations using pneumatic equipment on sprint performance. METHOD: Thirty recreationally active subjects participated in this study (18 female and 12 male). The subjects were distributed randomly into Control (CG), Cluster 1 (CL1) and Cluster 2 (CL2) groups. The experimental procedure involved a three-week training period; at the pre - and post-training time points, a 20-meter sprint tests were applied. RESULTS: There was an intergroup significant difference for the CL2 versus the CG for time, acceleration and velocity in the first 10-meter sprint test. The alpha value used was p < 0.05. For total time, total velocity, time and velocity in the first 10-meter sprint test: significant differences were observed for both CL1 and CL2 at the post-test. The total acceleration and acceleration in the first 10-meter sprint test was significantly different for the CL2 at the post-training. There were no significant differences in time, velocity and acceleration in the final 10-meter sprint test between groups. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that interventions with intra-set intervals (specifically CL2) using pneumatic equipment allow for positive adaptations in velocity and acceleration after three-week training

OBJETIVO: evaluar la eficacia de tres semanas de un entrenamiento de potencia en bloque utilizando dos configuraciones diferentes de conglomerados con equipo neumático sobre el desempeño en el Sprint. MÉTODO: treinta individuos recreacionales activos participaron en este estudio (18 mujeres y 12 hombres). Los sujetos fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en los grupos Control (GC), Cluster 1 (CL1) y Cluster 2 (CL2). El procedimiento experimental implicó un período de entrenamiento de tres semanas; en los momentos pre y post-entrenamiento se aplicaron pruebas de Sprint de 20 metros. RESULTADOS: hubo una diferencia significativa intergrupos para el CL2 versus CG en el tiempo, aceleración y velocidad en los primeros 10 metros de Sprint. El valor alfa utilizado fue p <0.05. Para el tiempo total, velocidad total, tiempo y velocidad en los primeros 10 metros del Sprint: se observaron diferencias significativas para CL1 y CL2 en el post-test. La aceleración total y aceleración en los primeros 10 metros del Sprint presentó diferencias significativas para el CL2 en el post-entrenamiento. No hubo diferencias significativas en el tiempo, velocidad y aceleración en los 10 metros finales del Sprint entre los grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: estos resultados sugieren que las intervenciones con intervalos intra-series (específicamente CL2) utilizando equipo neumático permiten adaptaciones positivas a la velocidad y la aceleración después de tres semanas de entrenamiento

OBJETIVO: avaliar a eficácia de três semanas de um treinamento de potência em bloco utilizando duas configurações diferentes de cluster set com equipamento pneumático sobre o desempenho de Sprint. MÉTODO: Trinta indivíduos recreacionalmente ativos participaram deste estudo (18 mulheres e 12 homens). Os sujeitos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nos grupos Controle (GC), Cluster 1 (CL1) e Cluster 2 (CL2). O procedimento experimental envolveu um período de treinamento de três semanas; nos momentos pré e pós-treinamento foram aplicados testes de Sprint de 20 metros. RESULTADOS: Houve uma diferença significativa intergrupos para o CL2 versus CG no tempo, aceleração e velocidade nos primeiros 10 metros de Sprint. O valor alfa utilizado foi p <0.05. Para o tempo total, velocidade total, tempo e velocidade nos primeiros 10 metros do Sprint: diferenças significativas foram observadas para CL1 e CL2 no pós-teste. A aceleração total e aceleração nos primeiros 10 metros do Sprint apresentou diferenças significativas para o CL2 no pós-treinamento. Não houve diferenças significativas no tempo, velocidade e aceleração nos 10 metros finais do Sprint entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados sugerem que intervenções com intervalos intraséries (especificamente CL2) utilizando equipamento pneumático permitem adaptações positivas na velocidade e aceleração após três semanas de treinamento

Peak running velocity predicts 5-km running performance in untrained men and women / La velocidad máxima predice el rendimiento en la prueba de 5 km en hombres y mujeres no entrenados

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between 5-km running performance and peak running velocity (Vpeak) in untrained men and women and propose sex-specific equations for performance prediction based on Vpeak. METHODS: Fifty young and untrained participants (20 female and 30 male) aged between 20 and 35 years participated in this study. Firstly, they performed a continuous incremental test on treadmill to determine Vpeak; the second test was a 5-km running performance performed in 400 m outdoor track. Vpeak test started with a velocity of 8 km/h-1 and increased by 1 km/h-1 between each successive 3-minute stage until participants reached volitional exhaustion. The 5-km time trial running performance for each participant were recorded and registered by the evaluator to determine the test duration (t5km). The comparisons between female and male were performed using Student ́s t test for independent samples; the relationship between Vpeak and 5km running performance was examined using Pearson correlation coefficient (r), adjusted coefficient of determination (R2) and standard error of estimate (SEE). Simple linear regression analyses were used to generate predictive equations for t5km from Vpeak. RESULTS: The Vpeak and 5-km performance (t5km and MV5km) were significant higher for the male group compared to the female group (P < 0.001). In addition, both female and male presented high correlations values for the association between Vpeak and t5km. CONCLUSION: Vpeak is a good predictor of 5-km endurance running performance in untrained men and women. In practical application, Vpeak could be used to prescribe and control running training in beginners in running practice

OBJETIVO: El objetivo del presente estudio fue examinar la relación entre el rendimiento en la carrera de 5 km y la velocidad máxima (Vpeak) en hombres y mujeres no entrenados y proponer ecuaciones específicas de acuerdo con el sexo para la predicción del rendimiento basada en la Vpeak. MÉTODOS: Cincuenta participantes jóvenes y no entrenados (20 mujeres y 30 hombres) con edades comprendidas entre 20 y 35 años participaron en este estudio. Primero, realizaron una prueba incremental continua en la cinta rodante para determinar la Vpeak; la segunda prueba fue una prueba de 5 km realizada en una pista de 400 m al aire libre. La prueba para determinar la Vpeak comenzó con una velocidad de 8 km∙h-1 y aumentó en 1 km∙h-1 entre cada etapa sucesiva de 3 minutos hasta que los participantes alcanzaron el agotamiento volitivo. El rendimiento de cada participante fue registrado por el evaluador para determinar la duración de la prueba (t5km). Las comparaciones entre mujeres y hombres se realizaron utilizando el Student's t test para muestras independientes; la relación entre Vpeak y el rendimiento en la prueba de 5 km se examinó utilizando el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson (r), el coeficiente de determinación ajustado (R2) y el error estándar de estimación (SEE). Se utiliza el análisis de regresión lineal simple para generar ecuaciones predictivas para t5km desde la Vpeak. RESULTADOS: Vpeak y 5-km (t5km y MV5km) fueron significativamente mayores para el grupo masculino en comparación con el grupo femenino (P < 0.001). Además, tanto hombres como mujeres presentaron altos valores de correlaciones para la asociación entre Vpeak y t5km. CONCLUSIÓN: Vpeak es una buena predictora del rendimiento em la prueba de 5-km en hombres y mujeres no entrenados. En la aplicación práctica, Vpeak puede utilizarse para prescribir y controlar el entrenamiento de carrera en principiantes en la práctica de correr

Control de la pérdida de velocidad a través dela escala de esfuerzo percibido en press de banca / Control of the velocity loss through the scale of perceived effort in bench press

Controlar las variables de entrenamiento es vital para garantizar las adaptaciones deseadas en el entrenamiento de fuerza, siendo la intensidad especialmente importante para mejorar la fuerza máxima y el RFD. La velocidad de ejecución ha resultado ser la mejor variable para monitorizar la intensidad del entrenamiento de fuerza, en particular las pérdidas de velocidad relacionadas con la fatiga. Sin embargo, existen impedimentos materiales para poder utilizar esta variable. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la relación entre el RPE y las pérdidas de velocidad como alternativa para controlar el entrenamiento. Se midió a 5 sujetos (4 hombres y 1 mujer) pertenecientes a la selección española de lucha libre olímpica un total de 15 series de press de banca (3 series/sujeto), de las cuales solo 14 se incluyeron en el análisis estadístico por incumplir una de ellas el protocolo, con 3 cargas relativas distintas (5 series/carga) y una pérdida de velocidad entre 20%-32%. Las variables dependientes fueron: RPE, la pérdida de velocidad, el número de repeticiones realizadas en cada serie y velocidad de la mejor repetición de cada serie. Se analizaron las correlaciones entre las variables RPE-pérdida de velocidad; RPE-número de repeticiones; RPE-velocidad mejor repetición, obteniéndose solamente correlación significativa (r Pearson 0,843; P < 0,001) entre el RPE y la pérdida de velocidad; la correlaciones entre el RPE-número de repeticiones y RPE-velocidad mejor repetición no mostraron significación estadística. Estos resultados podrían indicar la posibilidad de gestionar la fatiga y la intensidad del entrenamiento utilizando la relación RPE-pérdida de velocidad, aunque es necesario llevar a cabo estudios similares con tamaños muestrales mayores que refuercen los resultados obtenidos en este estudio

Controlling the training variables is vital to ensure the desired adaptations in resistance training; intensity is the most important variable to improve maximum strength and rate of force development (RFD). The movement velocity has shown to be the best variable to monitor the intensity of resistance training, in particular the velocity loss related to fatigue. However, there are material impediments to use this variable. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between RPE and velocity losses as an alternative to control training. Sample included 5 subjects (4 men and 1 woman) from the Spanish Olympic Wrestling team who performed a total of 15 sets of bench press (3 set/subject), of which only 14 were included in the statistical analysis for breaching one of them the protocol, with 3 different relative loads (5 set/load) and a velocity loss between 20%-32%. The dependent variables were: RPE, the velocity loss, the number of repetitions performed in each set and the velocity of the best repetition of each set. The correlations between the RPE-velocity loss; RPE-number of repetitions; and RPE-velocity best repetition variables were analyzed, obtaining only significant correlation (r Pearson 0.843, P < 0.001) between the RPE and the velocity loss; correlations between RPE-number of repetitions; and RPE-velocity best repetition did not show statistical significance . The results of the present work could indicate the possibility of managing fatigue and controlling training intensity using the RPE-velocity loss relationship, although it is necessary to carry out similar studies with larger sample sizes that reinforce the results of this study

Interchangeability of two tracking systems to register physical demands in football: multiple camera video versus GPS technology / Intercambiabilidad de dos sistemas de seguimiento para registrar lasdemandas físicas en el fútbol: video cámara múltiple versus tecnología GPS

The main aim of this investigation was to study the agreement between the distances covered at various speeds by professional soccer players in official matches using a Video-based system (VBS) and a Global Position System (GPS), and to create equations that predict distances from those obtained by other technologies. For these purposes twelve professional soccer (La Liga Santander) players' activities in official matches were registered simultaneously with a semi-automatic multiple-camera or VBS (TRACAB(R), system offered by Mediacoach(R)) and GPS (GPEXE(R), Exelio, Udine, Italia). The measured variables were the distance covered by the players at various speeds ranges such as: < 7, from 7 to 14, from 14 to 21, from 21 to 24, and > 24, (all in km.h-1) and as well several time slots (15, 30 and 45 minutes) were considered. The agreement between the distance recorded by VBS and GPS was studied using the Bland-Altman method. Furthermore, calibration equations using linear regression models were calculated in order to allow interchangeability of data from VBS to GPS and viceversa. The results showed that the agreement between VBS and GPS was low due to elevated systematic (from 3.3 m to -164.4 m) and random error (from 29.3 m to 274.8 m). VBS measured systematically more distance that GPS and the difference between VBS and GPS tended significantly to rise as the distance increased. However, the calibration equations were significant (p < 0.05) and predicted the distance from one system to another well (R2 = 0.55-0.90). In conclusion, the distance recorded by VBS and GPS cannot be used interchangeably and the calibration equations provided by this study should be used to compare or exchange distances between the two systems

Los objetivos de este estudio han sido estudiar el grado de acuerdo entre las distancias recorridas a diferentes velocidades por jugadores profesionales del futbol (La Liga Santander) registradas por el sistema semiautomático de multi-cámara (VBS) y el Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS), y encontrar ecuaciones de calibración entre los dos sistemas. Para ello se regis-traron las actividades de once jugadores profesionales de fútbol en partidos oficiales simultáneamente con el VBS (TRACAB(R), system offered by Mediacoach(R)) y GPS (GPEXE(R), Exelio, Udine, Italia). Las variables medidas fueron la distancia recorrida por los jugadores en diferentes rangos de velocidad, tales como: < 7, de 7 a 14, de 14 a 21, de 21 a 24, y > 24, (todos en km.h-1) considerándose varios intervalos de tiempo (15, 30 y 45 minutos). El acuerdo entre la distancia registrada por VBS y GPS se estudió utilizando el método de Bland-Altman. Además, las ecuaciones de calibración, usando modelos de regresión lineal, se calcularon para permitir la intercambiabilidad de datos del sistema semiautomático a los GPS y viceversa. Los resultados mostraron que el acuerdo entre VBS y GPS fue bajo debido a un elevado error sistemático (de 3.3 m a -164.4 m) y aleatorio (de 29.3 m a 274.8 m). VBS midió sistemáticamente más distancia que GPS y la diferencia entre VBS y GPS tendió a aumentar significativamente a medida que aumentó la distancia recorrida. Sin embargo, las ecuaciones de calibración fueron significativas (p < 0.05) y predijeron bien la distancia de un sistema a otro (R2= 0.55-0.90). En conclusión, la distancia registrada por VBS y GPS no se puede utilizar de manera intercambiable y las ecuaciones de calibración proporcionadas por este estudio se podrían usar para comparar e intercambiar las distancias entre los dos sistemas

Características de fuerza y velocidad de ejecución en mujeres jóvenes futbolistas / Characteristics of Strength and Speed of Execution in Young Women Soccer Players

El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar y comparar la fuerza máxima y rápida, la potencia anaeróbica, la velocidad de ejecución y de desplazamiento en función de la posición de juego en 59 jóvenes futbolistas distribuidas en dos categorías. La metodología consistió en una valoración de masa corporal, talla y 4 pruebas, fuerza explosiva (CMJ Y SJ), velocidad (30 m), la potencia anaeróbica (Prueba de Wingate) y la fuerza máxima (%1RM). Los resultados mostraron a las pre-juveniles con los mejores registros en la mayoría de variables a excepción de la talla y el VMP sentadilla. En la prueba de potencia máxima las porteras y defensas pre-juveniles obtuvieron el mejor registro (409,11 W±86,73 W) y 1RM (60,58 Kg±13,69 Kg) sin diferencias significativas. Finalmente, se encontró una interacción significativa entre la posición y la categoría de juego en VMP sentadilla, F55= 21,41; p = 0,021, eta cuadrado= 0,093 entre las jugadoras de las dos categorías estudiadas

The objective of this study was to characterize and compare the maximum and fast strenght, anaerobic power, speed of execution and displacement according to the playing position in 59 young players divided into two categories. The methodology consisted of an assessment of body mass, height and 4 tests, explosive force (CMJ and SJ), velocity (30 m), anaerobic power (Wingate test) and maximum force (% 1RM). The results showed the under 15 years old with the best records on most variables except for the size and mean propulsive velocity (MPV) squat. In the maximum power test pre-juvenile goalkeepers and defences line obtained the best record (409.11 W ± 86.73 W) and 1RM (60.58 kg ± 13.69 Kg) without significant differences. Finally, we found a significant interaction between the position and the game category in MPV squat, F55 = 21.41; P = 0.021, eta square = 0.093 among the players of the two categories studied

Time limit at peak speed without prior warm-up: Effects on test duration, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion / Tiempo límite en la velocidad máxima sin calentamiento previo: efectos sobre la duración de la prueba, frecuencia cardíaca y grado de esfuerzo percibido

Background: Time limit (tlim) at peak speed (Vpeak), that is maximal time that an individual can keep running at maximal intensity, is used to prescribe interval durations during interval training. The aim of this study was to compare two protocols (without or with 15 minutes of warm-up) for the tlim determination at 100% of Vpeak in untrained men. Material and method: Twelve untrained young men performed three running tests on a treadmill: one maximal incremental test to determine Vpeak and two rectangular tests, performed in randomized order, without a warm-up (tlim0) or with a 15-minute warm-up duration (tlim15) at 60% of Vpeak to determine the tlim at 100% of Vpeak, after the warm-up the tests were performed at the speed of the individual Vpeak until volitional exhaustion. During the tests, heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored and blood lactate sampling was collected prior to session (LApre); immediately post-exercise (LA0-min); 3 min (LA3-min), 5 min (LA5-min) and 7 min (LA7-min) post-exercise to determine lactate concentrations. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used and confirmed the normality of the data distribution, with maximal and submaximal values compared using Student ́s t test for dependent samples. Results: Test duration at tlim0 was significant higher than that at tlim15 (P = 0.02). Additionally, different tlim protocols influenced HR and RPE submaximal responses and did not modify lactate concentrations or maximal variables (HRmax and RPEmax). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the determination of tlim at 100% of Vpeak without a prior warm-up led to a higher test duration in untrained men

Objetivos: Tiempo límite (tlim) en la velocidad máxima (Vpico), que es el tiempo máximo que un individuo puede permanecer corriendo en la intensidade máxima, se utiliza para prescribir la duración de los intervalos durante el entrenamiento interválico. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar dos protocolos (sin o con 15 minutos de calentamiento) para la determinación de tlim al 100% de la Vpico en hombres no entrenados. Material y método: Doce jóvenes no entrenados realizaron tres pruebas de carrera en la cinta rodante: una prueba incremental máxima para determinar Vpico y dos pruebas rectangulares, realizadas en orden aleatorio, sin calentamiento (tlim0) o con una duración de calentamiento de 15 minutos (tlim15) al 60% de la Vpico para determinar el tlim al 100% de la Vpico; después del calentamiento las pruebas fueron realizadas en la velocidad de la Vpico individual hasta el agotamiento voluntario. Durante las pruebas, la frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y el grado de esfuerzo percibido (RPE) fueron monitorizadas y se tomaron muestras de sangre antes de la sesión (LApre); inmediatamente después del ejercicio (LA0-min); 3 min (LA3-min), 5 min (LA5-min) y 7 min (LA7-min) después del ejercicio para determinar las concentraciones de lactato. Se utilizó la prueba de Shapiro Wilk y se confirmó la normalidad de la distribución de los datos, con los valores máximos y submáximos comparados utilizando la prueba t de Student para muestras dependientes. Resultados: La duración de la prueba en el tlim0 fue significativamente mayor que aquella en el tlim15 (P = 0.02). Además, los diferentes protocolos de tlim influenciaron las respuestas submáximas de FC y RPE y no modificaron las concentraciones de lactato o las variables máximas (FCmax y RPEmax). Conclusiones: Estos resultados sugieren que la determinación del tlim en la 100% de la Vpico sin calentamiento prévio lleva a una mayor duración de la prueba em hombres no entrenados

Methods of evaluating the force-velocity profile through the vertical jump in athletes: a systematic review / Métodos de evaluación del perfil fuerza-velocidad a través del salto vertical en deportistas: una revisión sistemática

Introduction: In the world of sport, the ability of humans to develop maximum muscular power (Pmax) is directly related to performance and sporting success. For this, the measurement of the force- velocity profile (F-v) plays a key role in the evaluation of the athlete. At present, there are different methodologies and technologies to assess this profile, with sprint and vertical jump being the most used forms. The objective of this review is to identify and analyze different methods and tools for assessing F-v profile through the vertical jump. Methods: A search was carried out on the following databases, PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science, of papers published between January 2010 and August 2017. The search terms were as follows: strength, speed, profile, vertical jump, squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), sports, strength training, resistance training, and all possible combinations of the above. Methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Results: Nine out of a total of 254 articles met the criteria for inclusion: six of them evaluated the F-v profile using a force platform, while three used the photocell system. Analysis of their evaluation methods revealed that of the six studies using the force platform, one used the SJ as an assessment measure, two used the CMJ and three used both methods; all three studies using the photocell system used the SJ as the method of assessment. Conclusion: The instruments most often used to evaluate the F-v profile are the force platform and the photocell system. Nevertheless, other new and interesting technologies exist that are capable of evaluating the vertical jump. for example, through mobile applications

Introducción: En el mundo del deporte, la capacidad que tiene el ser humano para desarrollar la máxima potencia muscular (Pmáx) está directamente relacionada con el rendimiento y éxito deportivo. Para ello, la medición del perfil fuerza velocidad (F-v) cumple un rol clave dentro de la evaluación del deportista. En la actualidad existen diversas metodologías y tecnologías para valorar este perfil, siendo el sprint y el salto vertical las formas más utilizadas. El objetivo de esta revisión es identificar y analizar diferentes métodos e instrumentos de evaluación del perfil F-v a través del salto vertical. Método: La búsqueda se realizó en las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, SportDiscus y Web of Science, entre enero del 2010 hasta agosto del 2017. Los términos de búsqueda fueron los siguientes; Fuerza, velocidad, perfil, salto vertical, Squat Jump (SJ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), deportes, entrenamiento de fuerza, entrenamiento de resistencia y sus posibles combinaciones. La calidad metodológica fue evaluada a través de la escala PEDro. Resultados: Nueve de los 254 artículos encontrados cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión al estudio, de los cuales, 6 evaluaron el perfil F-v a través de una plataforma de fuerza y 3 mediante el sistema de fotocélulas. En el análisis de los métodos de evaluación, de los 6 estudios que evaluaron el perfil F-v con plataforma de fuerza, uno lo hizo a través del SJ, dos a través del CMJ y tres utilizaron ambos métodos, mientras que de los tres estudios que valoraron el perfil F-v con el sistema de fotocélulas, todos usaron el SJ como método de evaluación. Conclusión: Los instrumentos más utilizados para la evaluación del perfil F-v son; Plataforma de fuerza y fotocélulas, sin embargo, existen nuevas tecnologías capaces de evaluar el salto vertical, por ejemplo, a través de aplicaciones móviles

Correlação entre a Duração da Internação Hospitalar e a Velocidade da Marcha em Pacientes Submetidos à Cirurgia Cardíaca / Correlation between Length of Hospital Stay and Gait Speed in Patients Submitted to Cardiac Surgery

Fundamento: As doenças cardiovasculares têm aumentado em todo o mundo nas últimas décadas devido ao aumento na ocorrência de fatores desencadeantes. No período pós-operatório de cirurgia cardiovascular, os pacientes experimentam um declínio funcional, que pode ser potencializado pelo tempo de internação hospitalar. Portanto, é importante avaliar a capacidade funcional destes pacientes. Objetivo: Comparar o tempo de internação hospitalar com a velocidade da marcha em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Método: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, realizado no Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia (Incardio) da Santa Casa de Misericórdia (Feira de Santana, Bahia). Na alta hospitalar, todos os pacientes foram avaliados com o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6). O tempo de internação hospitalar no período pós-operatório foi também registrado no momento da avaliação e correlacionado com a velocidade da marcha. Utilizamos o teste de KolmogorovSmirnov para avaliar a suposição de normalidade e a correlação de Spearman para correlacionar a velocidade da marcha com a idade, tempo de hospitalização e com a duração da circulação extracorpórea (CEC) e da ventilação mecânica invasiva (VMI). Todas as conclusões foram baseadas em um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Ao todo, 64 pacientes foram incluídos (33 homens [51,5%], idade média 57,2 ± 14,06 anos). A distância média percorrida pelos pacientes foi de 375,8 ± 197,6 metros, a média da velocidade da marcha foi de 0,98 ± 0,53 m/s e a média de permanência hospitalar foi de 8,2 ± 2,3 dias. Foi observada uma fraca correlação entre o tempo de internação hospitalar e a velocidade da marcha (r = 0,27 e p = 0,02). Conclusão: A duração da hospitalização mostrou uma fraca correlação com a velocidade da marcha na alta hospitalar em uma amostra de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca

Background: Cardiovascular diseases have been increasing worldwide in recent decades due to the increased occurrence of triggering factors. In the postoperative period of cardiovascular surgery, patients experience a functional decline, which may be potentiated by the length of hospital stay. Therefore, it is important to evaluate these patients' functional capacity. Objective: To compare the length of hospital stay with the gait speed in patients undergoing cardiac surgery Method: Prospective, cohort study carried out at the Instituto Nobre de Cardiologia (Incardio) at Santa Casa de Misericórdia (Feira de Santana, Bahia). Upon discharge, all patients were evaluated with the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). The length of hospital stay in the postoperative period was also recorded at the same time and correlate with the gait speed. We used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to evaluate the assumption of normality, and Spearman's correlation to correlate the gait velocity with age, length of hospital stay, and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). All conclusions were based on a significance level of 5%. Results: In all, 64 patients were included (33 males [51.5%], mean age 57.2 ± 14.06 years). The mean distance walked by the patients was 375.8 ± 197.6 meters, the mean gait speed was 0.98 ± 0.53 m/s, and the mean hospital stay was 8.2 ± 2.3 days. A weak correlation was observed between the length of hospital stay and gait speed (r = 0.27 and p = 0.02). Conclusion: The length of hospital stay correlated weakly with the gait speed upon hospital discharge in a sample of patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Evaluación de parámetros cinemáticos de marcha confortable y máxima en adultos mayores válidos chilenos / Evaluation of comfortable and maximum gait kinematics parameters in functionally independent elderly Chileans

Objetivo: Comparar y evaluar los parámetros cinemáticos de velocidad media de marcha (VMM), máximo despeje del pie (MaxDP) y longitud de zancada (LZ) durante la ejecución de marcha confortable (MC) y marcha máxima (MM) en adultos mayores (AM) válidos chilenos. Material y método: Participaron en este estudio observacional y transversal 38 AM (edad 71 ± 7años; IMC 29,1 ± 3,4 kg/m2). Se solicitó a los participantes la ejecución de MC y posteriormente MM. Ambas modalidades fueron desarrolladas en un circuito elíptico de 40m durante 3 min, registrándose la distancia recorrida para el correspondiente cálculo de la VMM. El análisis cinemático para la determinación del MaxDP y la LZ se efectuó mediante un protocolo fotogramétrico simple para 2 planos. Resultados: La implementación de MM se traduce en incrementos de VMM (incremento en 21,1%; p < 0,001); MaxDP (incremento en 7,3%; p < 0,001) y LZ (incremento en 11,8%; p < 0,001). El MaxDP presenta una relación directa pobre y explica incipientemente la variabilidad de VMM durante MC (r = 0,32; r2 = 0,102; p = 0,051) y MM (r = 0,42; r2 = 0,179; p = 0,008), mientras que la LZ tiene una relación positiva muy alta, explicando fuertemente la variabilidad de VMM para MC (r = 0,85; r2 = 0,716; p < 0,001) y MM (r = 0,85; r2 = 0,718; p < 0,001). Conclusión: La MM presenta un mayor rendimiento de VMM, MaxDP y LZ el cual es porcentualmente diferente y de mayor impacto para la LZ en AM válidos chilenos

Aim: To compare and evaluate the kinematics parameters gait average speed (GAS), maximum foot clearance (MaxFC) and stride length (SL), during the execution of comfortable gait (CG) and maximum gait (MG) in functionally independent elderly Chileans. Material and method: 38 elderly (age 71 ± 7 years old; BMI 29.1 ± 3.4 kg/m2) participated in this observational and cross-sectional study. Participants were requested to perform CG and later MG. Both modalities were developed in a 40-meter elliptical circuit during 3min, recording the GAS. Kinematic for determining the MaxFC and SL was effected by a 2 planes photogrammetric simple protocol analysis. Results: The implementation of MG results in GAS increases (increased 21.1%; P < .001); MaxFC (increased by 7.3%; P < .001) and SL (increased 11.8%; P < .001). The MaxFC has a weak positive relationship and explains incipiently the variability for GAS in CG (r = 0.32, r2 = 0.102;P=.051) and MG (r = 0.42, r2 = 0.179; P = .008); while SL has a very strong positive relationship, strongly explaining GAS variability for CG (r = 0.85, r2 = 0.716; P < .001) and MG (r = 0.85, r2 = 0.718; P < .001). Conclusion: The MG has a higher yield of GAS, MaxFC and SL which it is different and larger percentage impact on the SL in functionally independent elderly Chileans

Myocardial velocities obtained by pulsed tissue Doppler in English Cocker Spaniels with dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure / Velocidades miocárdicas obtidas por meio de Doppler tecidual pulsátil em cães da raça Cocker Spaniel Inglês com cardiomiopatia dilatada e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by systolic myocardial dysfunction which is identified by low myocardial velocities obtained by pulsed tissue Doppler (PTD). However, increased preload is known to increase myocardial velocities which could overestimate myocardial function and turn dysfunction characterization into a challenge in dogs with DCM and congestive heart failure. To test the hypothesis that increased preload could hamper identification of low myocardial velocities in dogs with DCM and congestive heart failure the present study prospectively evaluated 32 English Cocker Spaniel dogs, being 16 with clinical DCM and 16 healthy for control purpose. The PTD analysis of regional velocities were performed in both longitudinal and radial myocardial displacements and systolic (Sm), early (Em) and late diastolic (Am) velocities were obtained in left ventricular free wall (LVFW) and interventricular septum (IVS). Peak radial subendocardial and subepicardial Sm velocities were lower in DCM group compared to control (0.065±0.018 vs. 0.102±0.020m/s and 0.059±0.014 vs. 0.094±0.025m/s respectively; p<0.001). Peak longitudinal Sm velocities were lower in basal and medial portions of LVFW (0.093±0.034 vs. 0.155±0.034m/s and 0.091±0.033 vs. 0.134±0.037m/s respectively; p<0.001) and IVS (0.063±0.021 vs. 0.136±0.039 and 0.066±0.026 vs. 0.104±0.032m/s respectively; p<0.001). Most of diastolic velocities were not significantly different between groups, although advanced myocardial disease and dysfunction are expected in DCM group. Reduction in systolic basal and medial longitudinal myocardial velocities and in radial myocardial velocities was the most significant PTD findings. Increased preload did not represent a problem to evaluate systolic dysfunction by PTD in English Cocker Spaniels with DCM, but influence of preload on assessment of diastolic velocities should be better elucidated.(AU)

A cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD) é caracterizada por disfunção miocárdica sistólica, a qual pode ser identificada pelas baixas velocidades miocárdicas obtidas por meio de Doppler tecidual pulsátil (DTP). Contudo, sabe-se que a elevada pré-carga aumenta as velocidades miocárdicas, o que poderia superestimar a função miocárdica e tornar desafiadora a caracterização da disfunção nos cães com CMD e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Para testar a hipótese de que a elevada pré-carga pode mascarar a identificação de baixas velocidades miocárdicas nos cães com CMD e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, o presente estudo avaliou prospectivamente 32 cães da raça Cocker Spaniel Inglês, sendo 16 com manifestações clínicas de CMD e 16 hígidos para efeito de grupo controle. A análise DTP das velocidades regionais foi realizada tanto no deslocamento miocárdico longitudinal quanto radial e foram obtidas as velocidades sistólica (Sm), diastólica inicial (Em) e tardia (Am) na parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo (PLVE) e no septo interventricular (SIV). Os valores de Sm radial subendocárdicos e subepicárdicos foram menores no grupo CMD em comparação com o grupo controle (0,065±0,018 vs. 0,102±0,020m/s e 0,059±0,014 vs. 0,094±0,025m/s, respectivamente; p<0,001). Os valores de Sm longitudinais foram menores nas porções basal e intermediária da parede do ventrículo esquerdo (0,093±0,034 vs. 0,155±0,034m/s e 0,091±0,033 vs. 0,134±0,037m/s, respectivamente; p<0,001) e do septo interventricular (0,063±0,021 vs. 0,136±0,039 e 0,066±0,026 vs. 0,104±0,032m/s, respectivamente; p<0.001). A maioria dos índices diastólicos não apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos, apesar de a doença miocárdica avançada e a disfunção serem esperadas no grupo CMD. A redução nas velocidades sistólicas longitudinais nos segmentos basais e intermediários e nas velocidades radiais representaram os achados mais relevantes no estudo com DTP. Nos cães da raça Cocker Spaniel Inglês com CMD e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva a pré-carga elevada não representou empecilho para a avaliação da disfunção sistólica por meio de DTP, porém a influência da pré-carga na avaliação das velocidades diastólicas deve ser mais bem investigada.(AU)

Relación entre las velocidades finales alcanzadas en los test UMTT y UNCa en sujetos masculinos / Relationship between the final speed reached the UMTT and UNCa Test in male subjects

Introducción: El propósito del estudio fue aplicar en estudiantes de educación física 2 test de campo que estiman la velocidad aeróbica máxima: el test de campo de la Universidad de Montreal (UMTT) y el test de campo de la Universidad Nacional de Catamarca (UNCa test), con el objetivo de comparar las velocidades, distancias y tiempo acumulado. Material y métodos: Se midieron 25 sujetos masculinos de forma aleatorizada, con el test UMTT y el test UNCa. Las mediciones fueron llevadas a cabo en 2 oportunidades. En la primera, se realizaron mediciones antropométricas básicas y se evaluó un test de campo aleatoriamente. En la segunda oportunidad se evaluó el segundo test de campo. Las diferencias y relaciones entre las velocidades y otras características cuantitativas de ambos test fueron analizadas aplicando la prueba T para muestras relacionadas y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, respectivamente. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que las velocidades alcanzadas en el UMTT fueron significativamente inferiores a las obtenidas en el UNCa: 13,5 ± 1,4 km•h-1 vs 14,8 ± 1,3 km•h-1 (r = 0,80). Las distancias alcanzadas en el UMTT fueron significativamente superiores a las obtenidas en el test UNCa: 2.243,2 ± 675,2 m vs 1.810,4 ± 343,7 m (r = 0,81). El tiempo acumulado en el UMTT fue significativamente superior al obtenido en el test UNCa: 12,0 ± 2,7 min vs 9,8 ± 1,3 min (r = 0,80). Conclusión: Los sujetos masculinos alcanzaron velocidades significativamente superiores en el UNCa test en comparación con el UMTT, utilizando menor tiempo y distancia

Introduction: The purpose of the study was to conduct two field tests with physical education students to estimate the maximum aerobic speed. These were: Field Test of the University of Montreal (UMTT) and Field Test at the National University of Catamarca (UNCa), which were used in order to compare the speeds, distances, and accumulated time. Material and methods: A total of 25 male subjects were chosen at random, and the UMTT and UNCa tests were measured. Measurements were carried out in 2 sessions. In the first, basic anthropometric measures were made and one of the aerobic tests were aleatory performed. The second time, the second field test was evaluated. The differences and relationships between the velocities and other quantitative characteristics of both tests were analysed using the t test for related samples and Pearson correlation coefficient, respectively. Results: The results showed that the speeds achieved in the UMTT were significantly lower than those obtained in the UNCa: 13.5 ± 1.4 km•h-1 vs 14.8 ± 1.3 km•h-1 (r = 0.80). The distances achieved in the UMTT were significantly higher than those obtained in the UNCa test: 2243.2 ± 675.2 vs 1810.4 ± 343.7 m (r = 0.81). The accumulated UMTT times were significantly higher than those obtained in the UNCa test: 12.0 ± 2.7 vs 2.7 min 9.8 ± 1.3 min (r = 0.80). Conclusion: The male subjects reached speeds significantly higher in the UNCa test compared to UMTT, using less time and distance